An overview of cultivation to processing abstract maize zea mays l. Maize zea mays is a major important cereal being cultivated in the rainforest and the derived savannah zones of nigeria. Also, one of the upsides of maize production is that its one agribusiness that requires one of the lowest capitals. General description maize is the most important field crop produced in south africa, followed by wheat, soya beans and sunflower seed. Nigeria is the largest producer of maize in africa, followed by south africa. Maize also known as corn in some countries is one of the most common and important food crops across africa. The origin and evolution of maize in the southwestern. Scientists believe that maize is derived from an earlier ancestral plant called teosinte. There have been four principal and several minor theories regarding the origin of. Origin and ecology of bambara groundnut vigna subterranea. These are used in the manufacture of common household items such. However, human consumption is competing with the poultry industry and to a lesser extent the livestock industry. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 1.
Controversy and debate surrounding the origins of maize. Scholars agree that maize was domesticated from the plant teosinte zea mays spp. July, flooding in september as well as fall armyworm. Histories of maize multidisciplinary approaches to the prehistory, linguistics, biogeography, domestication, and evolution of maize edited by john e. Rice, maize, millet, sorghum, wheat cereal crops prepared by. Maize zea mays is a plant of enormous modernday economic importance as foodstuff and alternative energy source. Post forecasts nigerias corn imports in my201920 at 400,000 mt, unchanged from the my 201819 estimate. First the kernels were ground with a mano and metate and then patted into small cakes and.
I 333 maize domestication and the tb1 gene 358 theories on the descent of maize and its relatives. The word corn outside north america, australia, and new zealand refers to any cereal crop, its meaning understood to vary geographically to refer to the local staple. The programme focused on bringing about a significant increase in the production of maize, cassava, rice and wheat. The history of agriculture in nigeria dates as far back as before most other countries in africa, and can be segmented to the pre. The starch obtained from maize is processed into several additives, agents and ingredients such as sorbic acid, sorbitol, dextrine, and lactic acid. Maize zea mays, called corn in some regions of the world, is a grass of tropical origin that has become the major grain crop in the world in terms of total production, with re. African maize market growth, trends, and forecast 20202025.
The green color in the flag of nigeria represents the agricultural history of nigeria is intertwined with its political history. Dia 1 departments of agricultural economics and extension, adamawa state university p. Maize remains a key food crop in africa, latin america and asia where it is primarily used as human food. Most of the knowledge from that research has been either worthless or inaccessible to maize breeding programs and actual improvement of maize. Benz department of biology texas wesleyan university. Maize is produced with very few productivity enhancing inputs and yield is generally below 1. Maize with a high percentage of translucent of hard endosperm is preferred by the dry milling industry, because it produces more of the popular highquality and highvalue products sought after than does soft maize. Maize grows in a wider range of soil type than rice, almost every part of nigeria can grow maize on their soil. It is probable that the portuguese did not readily accept maize as a staple. There have been four principal and several minor theories regarding the origin of maize. History of maize while land plants have existed on earth for nearly 500 million years, maize in the form that we are accustomed to today has only existed for approximately 6000 years. It is the staple food of the bulk of the population, more.
Soya bean is used in making milk products and oil of different types, shea nut its use to make cooking oil and engine oil and fina. Nigeria is the second largest producer of maize on the african continent with more than 5 million hectares of land under maize production and an annual area and yield growth rate of 4. History of agriculture in nigeria agriculture nigeria. Mar 20, 2014 this manuscript was presented at the who consultation technical considerations for maize flour and corn meal fortification in public health in collaboration with the sackler institute for nutrition science at the new york academy of sciences and the flour fortification initiative ffi, convened on april 8 and 9, 20, at the new york. Analysis of economic efficiency of maize production in ganye. Maize has now risen to a commercial crop on which many agrobased industries depend for raw materials iken and amusa, 2004. The word maize derives from the spanish form of the indigenous taino word for the plant, mahiz. Nov 29, 2019 maize zea mays is a plant of enormous modernday economic importance as foodstuff and alternative energy source. Maize was widely grown along the coast from the river gambia to sao tome, around the mouth of the river congo, and possibly in ethiopia, in the sixteenth century. The major staple crops in nigeria are cassava, yam, maize, sorghum, rice and millet.
The closest living wild relative of cultivated maize is teosinte. Origin, domestication, and its role in the development of culture duccio bonavia frontmatter more information. Maize consists of 71% starch, 9% protein and 4% oil on a dry weight basis. Maize production in nigeria doesnt take any special or intensive training, since you just have to follow basic rules and instruction to make it work.
It is mainly used as a food source and now has become the most important raw material for animal feed pimentel and patzek, 2005. Nigeria occupies a landmass of 923,768 km 2 and lies along latitudes 4 o 1 and o 9 n and longitudes 2 o 2 and 14 o 30 e. The maize supply in ghana has been increasing steadily over the past few years with an average supply at 1. Description of cropping systems, climate, and soils in nigeria by dr. Chemical composition of the maize kernel components % carbohydrates 84,0 protein 10,9 fat 4,5 minerals 1,3 table 1. The origin and evolution of maize in the southwestern united. Nyas publications the new york academy of sciences. Maize is thought to have originated at least 5000 years ago in the highlands of mexico, peru, ecuador, andor bolivia because of the great density of native forms found in the region. Domestic maize production seems to be meeting the local demand for human consumption. Maize zea mays, also called corn, is believed to have originated in central mexico 7000 years ago from a wild grass, and native americans transformed maize into a better source of food. Center of origin mexico, central america earliest plant breeders women important source of human and animal sustenance the miracle of maize is manifested in the thousands.
Planting of rice, to be harvested from october, is underway. The tripartite hypotheses proposes that the ancestor of domesticated maize was a now extinct wild podpopcorn. Links to pubmed are also available for selected references. Cassava, yam, cocoyam and maize are the major staple crops in the humid parts of the country, whereas maize, sorghum, millet, cowpea and groundnut are the major staple crops in the subhumid and semi. The oldest known archaeological race of maize is a podpopcorn. African maize market growth, trends, and forecast 2020. Like said earlier, a lot of byproducts are gotten from maize. Maize chloroplast and mitochondrial genes have been characterised in detail, with a focus on cytoplasmic. Maize zea mays, called corn in some regions of the world, is a grass of tropical origin that has become the major grain crop in the world in terms of total production, with re cent production around 800 million tons per year. Genetic modification of maize has been occurring for thousands of years. Yields are restricted by nitrogen and phosphorous deficiencies in the soil and by the prevalence of maize streak virus.
The total harvested area under maize in africa was around 38. Maize is a major important cereal being cultivated in the rainforest and the derived savannah zones of nigeria. Gerarde summarizes what was probably the consensus of european attitudes in 1597 with these words quoted in 70, p. Origin of maize pdf the origin of maize has been a topic of interest to both biologists and archaeologists. Staller department of anthropology university of kentucky robert h. This could be attributed to low productivity from maize farms or that farmers have not adopted. Maize contains approximately 72% starch, 10% protein, and 4% fat, supplying an energy density of 365 kcal100 g and is grown throughout the world, with the united states, china, and brazil being the top three. It started as a subsistence crop and has gradually become a more important crop. Maize is a major staple food crop grown in diverse agroecological zones. Maize farming and production business in africa is a highpotential opportunity for the continent.
Their results have showed that oba super 2, 85222 and ak9443. How to cultivate hybrid maize in nigeria wealth result. Full text full text is available as a scanned copy of the original print version. Posted 5 mar 2020 originally published 31 jan 2020. Although the morphological differences between maize and teosinte are spectacular in appearance they are conspecific genetically. Apr 14, 2020 the harvest of maize is expected to start in june, while harvesting operations for yams will start in july. The origin and evolution of maize in the southwestern united states rute r. Nigeria is a country rich in history and culture, and also blessed with so much fertile land and agricultural resources, an approximate measurement of nigerias fertile land sums up at around 81 million hectares. Smith3,nathanwales1, enrico cappellini1, pontus skoglund4, matteo fumagalli5, jose alfredo samaniego1, christian caroe1, maria c. Tykot department of anthropology university of south florida bruce f. Land races, improved high yielding and pest and diseases resistant varieties of maize have been developed.
Maize production in ghana, is predominantly done under rainfed conditions by poorly resourced smallholder farmers. Point that maize is a domesticated form of teosinte received convincing. It is bounded by the atlantic ocean to the south and by. Maize also forms the basis for the production for most animal feeds in nigeria.
Ii 360 origin and preservation of maize genes 366 allelic diversity in maize gene sequences 368. Nigeria maize flour directory provides list of made in nigeria maize flour products supplied by reliable nigeria maize flour manufacturers, traders and companies. Rod graveletblondin, chairman, south african maize forum. Despite the economic importance of maize to the teeming populace in nigeria, it has not been produced to meet food and industrial needs of the country. The introduction and spread of maize in africa the journal. May 06, 2019 fas lagos forecasts nigerias corn maize production in my 201920 octoberseptember at about 10. Analysis of economic efficiency of maize production in. Maize origin, domestication, and evolution 330 theories on the descent of maize and its relatives. Analysis of economic efficiency of maize production in ganye local government area adamawa state, nigeria 1 zalkuwi, j. Maize also known as indian corn or simply as corn, is a food crop of considerable importance in many parts of the world, especially in the u.
Maize was domesticated in mesoamerica, in the region that is now mexico. Growing maize in nigeria choice of land any well drained sandy loam or loamy soil can be used for planting maize but if in doubt, contact your nearest extension office or agroservice center. Maize was probably introduced to tropical africa at more than one point and at different times. Maize is the most important cereal in the world after. We found that the initial diffu10 sion of maize into the southwest at about 4,000 years ago 11 likely occurred along a highland route, followed by gene. With the use of hybrid maize and mechanized system of farming, yield of maize can reach up to 10. The importance of maize production in nigeria cannot be over emphasized. Maize was grown primarily as a food crop up to the 1970s.
Although controversy still lingers over the origin of maize, the molec. Shull was the dawn of the modern era of maize breeding. The cumulative rainfall amounts since early march were average to above average in most planted areas and supported the development of the maize crop, which is at sprouting and. Maize has been in the diet of nigerians for centuries. Maize is the cereal of the people and culture in the american. In the americas, maize is called corn, somewhat confusingly for the rest of the englishspeaking world, where corn refers to the. Fas lagos forecasts nigerias corn maize production in my 201920 octoberseptember at about 10. It is widely eaten in various forms and more than 900 million africans depend on maize every year because it is often cheaper than. Land preparation use any method mechanical, chemical and manual that can adequately remove weeds and keep the soil loose for good seedbed. Since that time maize has been unique as a major crop of the world and a very important species for basic research. Maize production gives birth to a lot of other consumables and some of them are. It is estimated that about 15 per cent of nigerias current maize produce goes for industrial use, due to its high starch content.
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