Geometrical optics is an interesting subject full of wonderful applications, a subject that can appear anywhere in an introductory physics course. Geometrical optics optics physics experiments physics. A light source emits light uniformly in all directions of the three. All homework must be submitted electronically as a. Wednesday, 23pm this time may be rearranged to best meet the needs of the. Topics include the principles of lasers, basic physical optics, nature and properties of light, optical handling and positioning, light sources and laser safety, and basic geometrical optics. Two simple optical transforms modeled and used to simulate and analyze lens systems via raytracing. Image seen as a result of reflection of light on a plane smooth surface.
Light geometrical optics that has evolved from both the undergraduate and graduate programs at the optical sciences center at the. It consists of three parts which can, and for practical purposes probably should, be done in any order. The material in this field guide to geometrical optics derives from the treatment of geometrical optics that has evolved as part of the academic programs at the optical sciences center at the university of arizona. When an object is dropped in still water, the circular wave fronts that are produced move out from the contact point over the two. This book is an up to date, introductory treatment of geometrical optics, from the point of view of the future optics practitioner. Geometrical optics download ebook pdf, epub, tuebl, mobi. Phy 431 optics course syllabus michigan state university. This document is highly rated by class 12 students and has been viewed 21872 times. In principle, ray tracing can help us to analyze image formation in any given optical system as the rays refract or reflect at all interfaces in the optical train. Each chapter ends with a summary and a set of problems. The course covers topics and concepts typically included in the second semester of an algebrabased, introductory collegelevel physics course. Chapter notes geometrical optics, class 12, physics iit. Terms, equations, definitions, and concepts are discussed briefly and explained through a series of problems that are worked out in a stepbystep manner which simplifies the problemsolving.
The principle of least time is used to show that all rays from an object in front of a concave mirror focus on the image point if they are not too far from the axis. Geometrical optics explained in a understandable way. This work is the culmination of 25 years of teaching geometrical optics. Chapter 3 geometrical optics university of illinois. In this course, udit gupta will provide indepth knowledge of geometrical optics. A point light source is at a depth h from the surface of water. The principles of gaussian optics and firstorder layout and design are emphasized, based on the tracing of two paraxial rays and the associated optical invariant. In the module to follow, you will learn about the otherphysical wave optics. The course will be covered in hindi and the notes will be provided in. This field guide derives from the treatment of geometrical optics that has evolved from both the undergraduate and graduate programs at the optical sciences center at the university of arizona. Pedrotti cord waco, texas optics is the cornerstone of photonics systems and applications. We are in the realm of geometrical optics when wavelength is considered b lbl d h.
This is an intermediate optics course with emphasis on applying lectured, theoretical principles in a handson setting. Based on rectilinear propagation of light valid only if. Download geometric optics download free online book chm pdf. Never look directly at a laser beam nor permit anyone else to do so. Geometrical optics, or ray optics, is a model of optics that describes light propagation in terms of rays. Romanova and others published online course geometrical optics for undergraduate students find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Pdf online course geometrical optics for undergraduate.
Light is a form of energy which produces the sensation of sight in us. The course is an introduction to geometrical optics. Based on our observations, we came to the conclusion that all rays incident on a converging lens parallel to its axis are refracted in such a way that they cross the axis at a common point called the focal point or focus of the lens. If we restrict the analysis to paraxial rays only, then. Archimedes and other ancient greek thinkers made original contributions but we mention here heron of alexandria c. Textbookworkbooks to learn geometrical optics physics. This monograph is concerned with the fundamentals of uptodate geo metrical optics treated as an approximate method of wave theory. The wave fronts are spherical, and the direction of motion of the wave is perpendicular to the wave front, as depicted in figure.
Geometrical optics outline 1 geometrical approximation 2 lenses 3 mirrors 4 optical systems 5 images and pupils 6 aberrations christoph u. Geometrical optics and physical optics answer key 1. We have a preference not to introduce geometrical optics after maxwells equations. The course is purposed mainly for undergraduate stude nts. Find materials for this course in the pages linked along the left. Introduction to geometrical optics milton katz state university of new york vfeworld scientific newnew jersey london jersey london singapore sine hong kong.
Geometric optics is the study of light in its simplest form by treating light as rays. In this module, you will learn about one of the two main divisions of basic opticsgeometrical ray optics. Wuthrich 5 the basis of geometrical optics let rs position vector of a point on a light ray, s arc length of ray, then drds is a unit vector pointing to. Mirrors, like lenses, can also form images that in turn are captured by your eye. Optics notes topics in these notes are wave properties polarization focal lengths geometrical optics i. Prelude to geometric optics when light interacts with an object that is several times as large as the lights wavelength, its observable behavior is like that of a ray. Learners at any stage of their preparation will be benefited by the course. In the figure, a point object at o emits a ray of light along the optical axis, and.
Longitudal waves are those in which the displacement of the mediumor eld is in the direction of the wave. Free download of geometrical optics and physical optics by herimanda a. Introduction to geometric optics summary introduction to geometric optics this sparknote will apply what we have learned about scattering to the familiar concept of reflection and the perhaps less familiar concept of refraction, the bending of light upon transmission into a dielectric medium. In this module, you will learn about one of the two main divisions of basic optics geometrical ray optics. Geometrical optics identification page instructions. With maxwells theory, the student is introduced to the wave nature of one component of matter, namely light. The principle may be used to derive snells laws of reflection and refraction. Geometrical optics a light source emits light uniformly in all directions of the three. Geometric optics itself is a few concepts, and any good text will cover it. A lens is a centered system made up of a transparent, homogenous and isotropic medium restricted by two curved surfaces with radii r 1 and r 2, respectively. Geometrical and physical optics a longman text pdf. Basics of optics, laws of reflection and refraction, reflection from spherical mirrors, velocity of image, refraction at plane surfaces, prism theory, defects of images, refraction from curved surfaces.
This course provides the fundamentals needed for optical engineering and optical system design. Introduction to geometrical optics milton katz download. Phy 192 geometrical optics spring 2015 1 geometrical optics the light source for this experiment is a lowpower heliumneon laser with a wavelength of 632. Geometrical optics online physics course lecturio online. The paper is devoted to the description of the online course geometrical optics place d on the national openeduca tion platform. Geometrical optics in describing the propagation of light as a wave we need to understand. In describing the propagation of light as a wave we need to understand. The chromatic and monochromatic aberrations are addressed in detail, followed by spot sizes and spot diagrams of aberrated images of point objects. Geometrical optics approximation we are in the realm of geometrical optics when wavelength is considered b lbl d h 0 lim physical optics geometrical optics.
The ray in geometric optics is an abstraction useful for approximating the paths along which light propagates under certain circumstances the simplifying assumptions of geometrical optics include that light rays. This volume covers gaussian imagery, paraxial optics, firstorder optical system. Geometrical optics and optical design is an uptodate introductory treatment of geometrical optics which is intended to lead students toward the modern practices of computeraided optical design. Course syllabus ose 3200 geometric optics ucf creol. Geometrical optics linearized with typical engineering assumptions e. Geometrical optics and physical optics african virtual university. Nasa goddard photo and video, via flickr learning objectives 25. Course description physics 431 covers the fundamental properties of light propagation and interaction with matter under the approximations of geometrical optics and scalar wave optics. Geometrical optics does not account for certain optical effects such as diffraction and interference. This book is the culmination of twentyfive years of teaching geometrical optics. Thin lenses when the size of the physical and optical objects of a system are much larger than the wavelength of the light or as.
The volume is organized such that the single spherical refracting surface is the basic optical element. Optical bench with screen at one end and raybox bracket at the other end ray box with 12v transformer lens storage. Pdf online course geometrical optics for undergraduate students. The volume is organised such that the single spherical refracting surface is the basic optical element. Light from this page or screen is formed into an image by the lens of your eye, much as the lens of the camera that made this photograph. Field guide to geometrical optics by greivenkamp, john e. The course will cover all concepts from the basics of reflection, refraction in curved surface, etc. This is because we observe the processes emission, reflection, scattering at a distance 10cms with bare eyes that are much longer than the wavelength of light 107. Used in freshman course on engineering computation. Optics notes massachusetts institute of technology. Geometrical optics and physical optics, by herimanda a. Phys 201 lecture 17 ray or geometrical optics ii open. Algebrabased is a secondyear physics course designed for high school students in grade 12 who have completed honors or ap physics 1. Of course, every real system experiences diffraction effects, so geometric.
Phys 201 lecture 16 ray or geometrical optics i open. Fermats principle is the basis of geometrical optics which ignores the wave nature of light. Spherical mirrors are treated as special cases of refraction, with the same applicable equations. Ray diagrams are used to investigate the behavior of light incident on mirrors and lenses. The development is both rigorous and complete, and it features a consistent notation and sign convention. Lab 3 geometrical optics theory this laboratory is an exercise in geometrical optics, the reflection and refraction of light when it strikes the surface between air and glass, or air and water. Geometrical optics and optical design oxford series in.
In geometrical optics we were able to observe the behavior of lenses with using rays to determine focal length of images. Spherical mirrors are treated as special cases of refraction, with. Optical systems in which the wave nature of light must be taken into account interference, diffraction are called physical optics. Geometric optics is discussed as an approximation to wave theory when the wavelength is very small compared to other lengths in the problem such as the size of openings.
The principles of gaussian optics and firstorder layout and design are emphasized, based on the tracing of two paraxial rays and the associated. This workbook is designed to supplement optics textbooks and covers all the traditional topics of geometrical optics. This note provides an introduction to optical science with elementary engineering applications. The book ends with an epilogue that summarizes the imaging process and outlines the next steps within and beyond geometrical optics. Wave properties in general there are two types of waves. Light travels out from its source along straight lines or rays 2. The ray aspect of light list the ways by which light travels from a source to another location. Field guide to geometrical optics 2004 greivenkamp. Upon completion of this course, students should understand the physical principles underlying geometrical optics, especially the relationship between rays, wavefronts and electromagnetic waves. Geometric optics download ebook pdf, epub, tuebl, mobi.
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